010-84476011
环球医学>> 专家观点>> 心血管>>正文内容
心血管

于汶教授:高血压患者的诊疗管理

来源:    时间:2023年12月08日    点击数:    5星

高血压是“三高”之一,严重影响人们的健康和生活质量,一旦患上需要长期对其进行管理控制。本文简述高血压患者的诊疗管理。

一、高血压的定义及分类

在未使用降压药物的情况下,非同日3次测量诊室血压,SBP≥140mmHg和/或DBP≥90mmHg可诊断为高血压。SBP≥140mmHg且DBP<90mmHg为单纯收缩期高血压。患者既往有高血压史,目前正在使用降压药物,血压虽然低于140/90mmHg,仍应诊断为高血压。

目前我国采用正常血压(SBP<120mmHg和DBP<80mmHg)、正常高值(SBP 120~139mmHg和/或DBP 80~89mmHg)和高血压(SBP≥140mmHg和/或DBP≥90mmHg)进行血压水平分类,根据血压升高水平,又进一步将高血压分为1级、2级和3级。动态血压监测(ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM)的高血压诊断标准为:24h平均SBP/DBP≥130/80mmHg;白天≥135/85mmHg;夜间≥120/70mmHg。家庭自测血压(home blood pressure measurement,HBPM)的高血压诊断标准为≥135/85mmHg,与诊室血压的140/90mmHg相对应。以上分类适用于18岁以上任何年龄的成年人。具体分类详见表1。

表1 血压水平分类和定义


注:当SBP和DBP分属于不同级别时,以较高的分级为准。

二、高血压的管理目标

(一)血压控制目标

血压控制目标见表2。

表2 血压控制目标

(二)降压达标的方式

除高血压急症和亚急症外,大多数高血压患者应根据病情,在4周内或12周内将血压逐渐降至目标水平。年轻、病程较短的高血压患者,降压速度可稍快;老年人、病程较长、有合并症且耐受性差的患者,降压速度则可稍慢。

三、药物治疗

降压药物治疗的时机取决于ASCVD风险评估等级,在改善生活方式的基础上,血压仍超过140/90mmHg和/或目标水平的患者应给予药物治疗。高危和极高危的患者,应及时启动降压药物治疗;中危患者,可观察数周,改善生活方式,如血压仍不达标,则应开始药物治疗;低危患者,可观察1~3个月,改善生活方式,如血压仍不达标可开始药物治疗。血压升高患者心血管风险水平分层见表3。影响高血压患者心血管预后的重要因素图1。

表3 血压升高患者心血管风险水平分层

 

图1 影响高血压患者心血管预后的重要因素

常用降压药物包括钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)、利尿剂和β受体阻滞剂五类,以及由上述药物组成的固定配比复方制剂。一般患者采用常规剂量;老年人及高龄老年人初始治疗时通常应采用较小的有效治疗剂量,逐渐增加至足量;优先使用长效降压药物。联合治疗:血压≥160/100mmHg、高于目标血压20/10mmHg的高危患者,或单药治疗未达标的高血压患者应进行联合降压治疗。对血压≥140/90mmHg的患者,也可起始小剂量联合治疗。用药选择见图2。

图2 选择单药或联合用药降压治疗流程图
注:A:ACEI或ARB;B:β受体阻滞剂;C:二氢吡啶类钙CCB;D:噻嗪类利尿剂;F:固定复方制剂。
*血压≥140/90mmHg的高血压患者,也可起始小剂量联合治疗;**包括剂量递增到足量。

四、初诊高血压患者的评估及检测程序

初诊高血压患者的评估及检测程序见图3。

图3 初诊高血压患者的评估及监测程序
注:*中危且血压≥160/100mmHg应立即启动药物治疗。

五、高血压患者的管理和随访内容

高血压患者的管理和随访内容见表4。

表4 高血压患者的管理和随访

参考文献
[1]中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组,中国医师协会脂肪性肝病专家委员会.非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版)[J].实用肝脏病杂志,2018,21(2):177-186.
[2]ESLAM M,NEWSOME P N,SARIN S K,et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunctionassociated fatty liver disease:An international expert consensus statement[J].J Hepatol,2020,73(1):202-209.
[3]ESTES C,ANSTEE Q M,ARIAS-LOSTE M T,et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Spain,United Kingdom,and United States for the period 2016-2030[J].J Hepatol,2018,69(4):896-904.
[4]ANGULO P,KLEINER D E,DAM-LARSEN S,et al. Liver Fibrosis,but No Other Histologic Features,Is Associated With Long-term Outcomes of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[J].Gastroenterology,2015,149(2):389-397.
[5]TAYLOR R S,TAYLOR R J,BAYLISS S,et al. Association Between Fibrosis Stage and Outcomes of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:A Systematic Review and meta-Analysis[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(6):1611-1625.
[6]GILL R M,BELT P,WILSON L,et al. Centrizonal arteries and microvessels in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2011,35(9):1400-1404.
[7]KLEINER D E,BRUNT E M,VAN NATTA M,et al. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network.Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Hepatology,2005,41(6):1313-1321.
[8]RAMACHANDRAN R,KAKAR S.Histological patterns in drug-induced liver disease[J].J Clin Pathol,2009,62(6):481-492.
[9]BEDOSSA P,MOUCARI R,CHELBI E,et al. Evidence for a role of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in hepatitis C:a prospective study[J].Hepatology,2007,46(2):380-387.
[10]TAPPER E B,LOOMBA R.Noninvasive imaging biomarker assessment of liver fibrosis by elastography in NAFLD[J].Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018,15(5):274-282.
[11]瞿欢佳.氢质子磁共振波谱在脂肪性肝病肝脏甘油三酯含量测定中的价值及其影响因素[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2017,25(11):858-863.
[12]KARLAS T,PETROFF D,SASSO M,et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)technology for assessing steatosis[J].J Hepatol,2017,66(5):1022-1030.
[13]IMAJO K,KESSOKU T,HONDA Y,et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging More Accurately Classifies Steatosis and Fibrosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Than Transient Elastography[J].Gastroenterology,2016,150(3):626-637.
[14]EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE LIVER.EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis-2021 update[J].J Hepatol,2021,75(3):659-689.
[15]KARLAS T,PETROFF D,SASSO M,et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)technology for assessing steatosis[J].J Hepatol,2017,66(5):1022-1030.
[16]VUPPALANCHI R,JAIN A K,DEPPE R,et al. Relationship between changes in serum levels of keratin 18 and changes in liver histology in children and adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,12(12):2121-2130.
[17]GOH G B,ISSA D,LOPEZ R,et al. The development of a non-invasive model to predict the presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2016,31(5):995-1000.
[18]KUCHAY M S,CHOUDHARY N S,MISHRA S K.Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MAFLD[J].Diabetes metab Syndr,2020,14(6):1875-1887.
[19]HOODESHENAS S,YIN M,VENKATESH S K.Magnetic Resonance Elastography of Liver:Current Update[J].Top Magn Reson Imaging,2018,27(5):319-333.
[20]中国肝炎防治基金会,中华医学会感染病学分会,中华医学会肝病学分会,等.瞬时弹性成像技术诊断肝纤维化专家共识(2018年更新版)[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2019,27(3):182-191.
[21]WONG V W,ADAMS L A,DE LÉDINGHEN V,et al. Noninvasive biomarkers in NAFLD and NASH - current progress and future promise[J].Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018,15(8):461-478.
[22]CHALASANI N,YOUNOSSI Z,LAVINE J E,et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases[J].Hepatology,2018,67(1):328-357.
[23]SATAPATHY S K,KUWAJIMA V,NADELSON J,et al. Drug-induced fatty liver disease:An overview of pathogenesis and management[J].Ann Hepatol,2015,14(6):789-806.
[24]KNEEMAN J M,MISDRAJI J,COREY K E.Secondary causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Therap Adv Gastroenterol,2012,5(3):199-207.
[25]TAKAHASHI A,ARINAGA-HINO T,OHIRA H,et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with autoimmune hepatitis[J].JGH Open,2018,2(2):54-58.
[26]PAIK J M,GOLABI P,BISWAS R,et al. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease are Major Drivers of Liver Mortality in the United States[J].Hepatol Commun,2020,4(6):890-903.
[27]EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE LIVER.European Association for the Study of the Liver.EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease[J].J Hepatol,2019,70(1):172-193.
[28]CALDWELL S,MARCHESINI G.Cryptogenic vs NASH-cirrhosis:The rose exists well before its name[J].J Hepatol,2018,68(3):391-392.
[29]KABBANY M N,CONJEEVARAM P K,WATT K,et al. Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Associated Cirrhosis in the United States:An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2017,112(4):581-587.
[30]中华人民共和国卫生和计划生育委员会医政医管局.原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2017年版)[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2017,25(12):886-895.
[31]PAIS R,FARTOUX L,GOUMARD C,et al. Temporal trends,clinical patterns and outcomes of NAFLD-related HCC in patients undergoing liver resection over a 20-year period[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2017,46(9):856-863.
[32]GHAREGHANI P,SHANAKI M,AHMADI S,et al. Aer-obic endurance training improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)features via miR-33 dependent autophagy induction in high fat diet fed mice[J].Obes Res Clin Pract,2018,12(Suppl 2):80.
[33]张戈.高强度间歇训练:运动量和锻炼效果研究进展[J].中国运动医学杂志,2016,35(2):184-188.
[34]PEGAH G,JAMES P,JESSICA P H,et al. Prevalence and Outcomes of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease(NAFLD)among Asian American Adults in the United States[J].Liver Int,2019,39(4):748-757.
[35]KWON H,KIM D,KIM J S.Body Fat Distribution and the Risk of Incident metabolic Syndrome:A Longitudinal Cohort Study[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):10955.
[36]王正珍,徐峻华.运动处方 [M].2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2018.
[37]CHALASANI N,YOUNOSSI Z,LAVINE J E,et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases[J].Hepatology,2018,67(1):328-357.
[38]EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE LIVER(EASL),EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF DIABETES(EASD),EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF OBESITY(EASO).EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].J Hepatol,2016,64(6):1388-1402.
[39]张光辉,王存川.中国肥胖及2型糖尿病外科治疗指南(2019版)解读[J].临床外科杂志,2020,28(1):46-48.
[40]中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组,中华医学会儿科学分会消化学组,中华医学会儿科学分会青春期医学专业委员会,等.儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病诊断与治疗专家共识[J].中国实用儿科杂志,2018,33(7):487-492.
[41]中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组,中华医学会儿科学分会心血管学组,中华医学会儿科学分会儿童保健学组,等.中国儿童青少年代谢综合征定义和防治建议[J].中华儿科杂志,2012,50(6):420-422.
[42]VOS M B,ABRAMS S H,BARLOW S E,et al. NASPGHAN Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children:Recommendations from the Expert Committee on NAFLD(ECON)and the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition(NASPGHAN)[J].J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr,2017,64(2):319-334.
[43]VALERIO N,ANNA A,LUCA V.NAFLD in children:new genes,new diagnostic modalities and new drugs[J].Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol,2019,16(9):517-530.
[44]YE Q,ZOU B,YEO Y H,et al. Global prevalence,incidence,and outcomes of non-obese or lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol,2020,5(8):739-752.
[45]中国研究型医院学会肝病专业委员会,中国医师协会脂肪性肝病专家委员会,中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝与酒精性肝病学组,等.脂肪性肝病诊疗规范化的专家建议(2019年修订版)[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2019,35(11):2426-2430.
[46]SOLHI H,GHAHREMANI R,KAZEMIFAR A M,et al. Silymarin in treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis:A randomized clinical trial[J].Caspian J Intern Med,2014,5(1):9-12.
[47]WONG V W,WONG G L,YIP G W,et al. Coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Gut,2011,60(12):1721-1727.
[48]中国成人血脂异常防治指南制订联合委员会.中国成人血脂异常防治指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2007(5):390-419.
[49]陈睿,于佩,李春君,等.利拉鲁肽和西格列汀对超重和肥胖2型糖尿病患者的疗效和安全性比较[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2014(3):156-161.
[50]中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组,中国医师协会脂肪性肝病专家委员会.非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018更新版)[J].传染病信息,2018(5):393-402,420.
[51]中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2021,13(4):315-409.
[52]TILG H,MOSCHEN A R,RODEN M.NAFLD and diabetes mellitus[J].Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol,2017,14(1):32-42.
[53]FRANÇOIS M,COLIN B,CATAPANO A L,et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias:lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk[J].European Heart Journal,2020,41(1):111-188.
[54]中国高血压防治指南修订委员会,高血压联盟(中国),中华医学会心血管病学分会,等.中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)[J].中国心血管杂志,2019,24(1):24-56.
[55]WILLIAMS B,MANCIA G,SPIERING W,et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(33):3021-3104.
[56]中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华医学会心血管病学分会动脉粥样硬化与冠心病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,等.稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(9):680-694.
[57]中国康复医学会心脏康复专业委员会.稳定性冠心病心脏康复药物处方管理专家共识[J].中华心血管病杂志,2016,44(1):7-11.
[58]中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会.原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017)[J].中国实用内科杂志,2018,38(02):127-150.
[59]GUAÑABENS N,PARÉS A.Osteoporosis in chronic liver disease[J].Liver Int,2018,38(5):776-785.
[60]中华医学会内分泌学分会.中国高尿酸血症与痛风诊疗指南(2019)[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2020,36(1):1-13.
[61]中国医师协会肾脏内科医师分会.中国肾脏疾病高尿酸血症诊治的实践指南(2017版)[J].中华医学杂志,2017,25(97):1927-1936.
[62]国家消化系统疾病临床医学研究中心(上海).中国早期结直肠癌筛查流程专家共识意见(2019,上海)[J].中华消化内镜杂志,2019,36(10):709-719.
[63]ROSENBERG I H.Sarcopenia:origins and clinical relevance[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1997,127(5 Suppl):990S-991S.
[64]中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会.肌少症共识[J].中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志,2016,9(3):215-227.
[65]YANAI H.Nutrition for Sarcopenia[J].J Clin Med Res,2015,7(12):926-931.
[66]中国营养学会老年营养分会,中国营养学会临床营养分会,中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会老年营养支持学组.肌肉衰减综合征营养与运动干预中国专家共识(节录).营养学报,2015,37(4):320-324.
[67]中华医学会神经病学分会神经心理学与行为神经病学组.综合医院焦虑、抑郁与躯体化症状诊断治疗的专家共识[J].中华神经科杂志,2016,49(12):908-917.
[68]SEIBERT T S,ALLEN D B,CARREL A L.Adolescent Obesity and Its Risks:How to Screen and When to Refer[J].J Clin Outcomes Manag,2014,21(2):87-96.
[69]MACAVEI B,BABAN A,DUMITRASCU D L.Psychological factors associated with NAFLD/NASH:a systematic review[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2016,20(24):5081-5097.
[70]TAPPER E B,LAI M.Weight loss results in significant improvements in quality of life for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:A prospective cohort study[J].Hepatology,2016,63(4):1184-1189.
[71]中华医学会呼吸病学分会睡眠呼吸障碍学组.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊治指南(2011年修订版)[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2012,35(1):9-12.
[72]MESARWI O A,LOOMBA R ,MALHOTRA A.Obstructive Sleep Apnea,Hypoxia,and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2019,199(7):830-841.
[73]中华医学会妇产科学分会内分泌学组及指南专家组.多囊卵巢综合征中国诊疗指南[J].中华妇产科杂志,2018,53(1):2-6.
[74]中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会.多囊卵巢综合征诊治内分泌专家共识[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2018,34(1):1-7.
[75]杨洲,傅斌生.肝移植治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究现状 [J].器官移植,2020,11(3):419-423.
[76]张鹏程,窦科峰,杨诏旭,等.非酒精性脂肪性肝病与肝移植[J].中华肝胆外科杂志,2020,26(2):155-157.

来源:《代谢相关脂肪性肝病临床诊疗手册》

专家简介:于汶,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院,体检科,副主任医师。临床擅长冠心病、高血压、心律失常等的体检指导。

来源:人民卫生出版社《临床知识》约稿
作者:于汶教授,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院体检科
编辑:环球医学资讯常路

评价此内容
 我要打分

现在注册

联系我们