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骨科学

闹心!肱骨干骨折二次内固定失败

来源:    时间:2018年07月05日    点击数:    5星

62岁女性患者,因左肱骨干骨折,既往3年中曾两次行切开复位内固定手术。最后一次复查中发现钢板断裂,因对原接诊医院失去信心而转院求诊。简单类型肱骨干骨折的治疗难度并不很大。前两次治疗经过值得反思:一是髓内钉锁钉松动致使固定失效;二是二次手术中大量使用人工骨,值得商榷。应选择何种“可靠”的内固定形式?

【病例介绍】

患者,女性,62岁。患者因左肱骨干骨折,既往3年中曾在外院两次行切开复位内固定手术。最后一次复查中发现钢板断裂(图2‐1‐37),因对原接诊医院失去信心而来我院门诊就医,要求治疗。查体:一般情况良好,各项辅助检查正常。左上臂局部轻度肿胀伴压痛,存在可疑异常活动。患者接受的第一次内固定为肱骨髓内钉,术后一年半发现远端锁钉松动,取出髓内钉改为钢板螺钉固定同时局部植入人工骨。目前距二次手术又1年余,钢板断裂。入院诊断为:肱骨干骨折不愈合、钢板疲劳断裂。

图2‐1‐37 再次手术前肱骨正侧位X 线片

【诊断要点】

根据患者的既往病史、本次入院体检和X 线片可以明确诊断。

【治疗原则】

原则是更换新的内固定物,处理骨折断端、开放髓腔。必要时将骨干适当短缩以获得断端间的稳定,自体髂骨植骨,采用双钢板固定。术中原切口进入,保护好桡神经,见原骨断端髓腔封闭,少许硬化骨痂,原植入的人工骨周围没有骨组织生成。术中将人工骨尽量去除,处理断端,骨干短缩约1cm。开放髓腔,骨折断端呈斜面,用一枚拉力螺钉固定,然后用一块锁定钢板,一块非锁定钢板固定,检查固定比较稳定可靠,取自体髂骨修成颗粒和条状植骨。术后置引流条48小时。

【随访结果】

术后伤口一期愈合,术后随访4个月见骨痂,但骨干有约10°向外侧成角,术后6个月时患者恢复正常生活,患肢可以从事轻体力劳动(图2‐1‐38)。

【经验教训】

简单类型肱骨干骨折的治疗难度并不很大,但本病例的治疗过程比较特殊。回顾其前两次的治疗经过有几点值得反思,一是髓内钉锁钉松动致使固定失效。肱骨髓内钉远端只有一枚锁钉,在打入过程中应注意尽可能一次成功,避免反复多次钻孔。髓内钉固定长骨干本身就不是坚强固定,存在着微动,若锁钉孔过大,术后骨折块之间和锁钉与钉孔间活动就会过大。如果术中发现锁钉孔过大就应设法采取补救措施,例如跨越骨折线处附加单皮质螺钉的防旋钢板。再有,二次手术中大量使用人工骨,值得商榷。骨折的二次手术本身愈合的条件就不如初次,使用骨移植材料应当充分考虑,尽可能选择有利于骨引导、骨愈合的自体骨。自体髂骨的松质骨内含有较多的干细胞,可以分化为成骨细胞,有利于骨折的尽快愈合,对于促进骨折愈合来讲远优于人工骨。

图2‐1‐38 再次手术4个月后肱骨正侧位X 线片

【专家点评】

该患者的骨折部位为肱骨干中下1/3,一般情况下不论采用髓内钉或钢板螺钉固定均可取得较好的效果。既往的两次手术后患者比较听从医嘱,患肢仅仅是维持日常生活自理,未从事过用力的动作。但两次内固定都失效,且均为同一医师实施治疗,此种情况比较少见。接诊后仔细分析患者有无全身或局部不利于骨折愈合的因素。既往的住院手术资料不全,仔细分析患者最后一次X 线片,可见其骨断端缺乏良好接触,其中跨越骨折线的两孔钢板没有螺钉,钢板成为一“架桥”结构。而且二次手术本身骨骼愈合条件不及第一次手术,而植骨采用人工骨,骨引导能力差,如果骨折不能够在钢板允许的疲劳强度内愈合,容易发生钢板疲劳断裂。患者本次住院仍然抱有积极治疗的意愿,分析全身和局部情况仍然有治愈的条件。但是局部的骨骼已经经过两次手术,强度较低,无论采用何种内固定形式均应强调“可靠”。髓内钉既往已经采用过,若再次采用,主要顾虑是远端锁钉部位的骨骼难以维持较长时间,怕时间长了再次松动。若单纯采用钢板,因为是偏心固定加上已经经历过两次手术,骨骼强度低、稳定性不够。经过科室查房讨论决定采用双钢板螺钉固定。一块采用锁钉钢板,另外一块采用普通有限接触钢板(LCDCP),原来植入的人工骨需要取出,因其对于尽快形成骨诱导不利,更大可能成为不利骨愈合的异物。植骨最好采用自体髂骨,骨断端修整整齐,即使骨干长度有所损失,但为了能够形成良好的骨接触、降低钢板受力,同时缩小骨折间隙、促进骨折尽快愈合也是值得的。

(首都医科大学宣武医院 沈惠良)

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来源:《老年骨质疏松骨折》
作者:沈惠良 姜保国
参编:刘利民 张殿英 王天兵 王宝军
页码:55-67
出版:人民卫生出版社
 

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